ES1102 is my first ever formal writing course, and it has been very beneficial for me. My writing has improved significantly over the past 12 weeks. Writing multiple drafts and editing have raised my awareness of grammatical errors and sentence structure issues, something which was a great problem to me. Now, I am more confident of my writing and even took it upon myself to check for some minor grammatical errors and sentence structuring in my group projects, which I used to rely on my group mates.
Writing can be rather time consuming for me, but Brad's emphasis on improvements through multiple drafts and editing have greatly improve my writing skills. More so, it has become a habit for me to write drafts for my modules' papers and assignments. Editing has allowed me to improve the structure of my sentences, and help convey my ideas in writings more effectively. The improvements are not experienced by me alone, but more of my friends have approached me for some minor editing in their papers. I feel happy to be of help to my friends and even happier that ES1102 has benefited me.
This course has not only improve my writing skills but also my communication skills. Instead of only going through grammar exercises, writing and editing, Brad included a presentation requirement. More than just learning how to write, I have also learned how to present; the importance of many nonverbal elements. I like the idea of a presentation, partly because writing demands more formality which I find it a hassle, presentation I feel, is more relaxed and less formal.
Now that I have a better foundation in writing, I will work on improving my writing skills in terms of vocabulary. This means that I will have to take up the habit of reading, which I find as a chore. However, coming from the arts faculty, reading is inevitable. I will slowly but surely develop the habit of reading in future. I will also continue to improve my awareness on grammars and sentence structures through editing papers, both from my friends and myself.
Wednesday, April 16, 2014
Sunday, April 13, 2014
In Support of Using Presentation in ES1102
I personally feel that doing a presentation for our papers in ES1102 greatly benefits us.
Firstly, it forces us to pull out the main ideas from our papers. The preparation for the presentation requires us to organise our ideas logically and fluently, which serves as a check for our essays. If our presentations do not flow logically or the main ideas are not presented clearly, it reflects the similar lack in the essays. A good presentation will reflect a good structure and content in the essay.
Presentations can serve to boost the confidence of students. Students who are not very efficient in writing may be good with presentation skills. This can help boosts their confidence. Similarly, students who are shy and reserved will be force to take a step forward. It will develop their self confidence.
Presentation skills, I believe are as important as writing skills. We spend more time conversing to others than writing. I support the idea of implementing presentation in ES1102.
Firstly, it forces us to pull out the main ideas from our papers. The preparation for the presentation requires us to organise our ideas logically and fluently, which serves as a check for our essays. If our presentations do not flow logically or the main ideas are not presented clearly, it reflects the similar lack in the essays. A good presentation will reflect a good structure and content in the essay.
Presentations can serve to boost the confidence of students. Students who are not very efficient in writing may be good with presentation skills. This can help boosts their confidence. Similarly, students who are shy and reserved will be force to take a step forward. It will develop their self confidence.
Presentation skills, I believe are as important as writing skills. We spend more time conversing to others than writing. I support the idea of implementing presentation in ES1102.
Friday, April 11, 2014
Gender Discrimination in Patriarchal Singapore Draft 4
Gender Discrimination in Patriarchal Singapore
In his TED talk,
Goldin (2009) talks about the unequal development of globalisation. As the
world globalises, countries get wealthier and women are getting better
education. However, not everyone experiences the same rate of development (Sen,
2002): the rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer in most
cases. Despite contributions from women in many countries, they are often not
rewarded equally. Because of the patriarchal structure in Singapore, income and
social disparities persist between genders. In order to address the socio-economic
disparity between genders, laws need to be enacted and perspectives need to be
changed to empower women.
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as 'pockets of discrimination' or 'blemishes' but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values that hold women as primary care-givers and homemakers and is emphasised by the government’s policy of granting pregnant employees eight weeks of paid maternity leave. This led to past emphasis on the men in attaining education and obtaining valuable skill sets for employment, thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social challenges throughout their lives. For example, because of their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women have been generally considered economically dependent on their spouses. Pro-family policies are also targeted through the men as they are considered to be the head-of-the-household (Chan, 2000). As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lack of emphasis on education for women in the past will result in them being consigned to lowly skilled labour jobs, which in turn translate to lower salaries. Some women may not even be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications, perpetuating their economic hardship.
Despite a rise in the percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 49.6% in 2001 to 54.5% in 2011 (Tan, 2012), women do not earn equal paychecks compared to their male counterparts. Tan (2012) stated that in 2011 women in the services industry were earning on average SGD3728 to SGD5075 earned by men in the same industry. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women eight weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). Therefore, if the employers were to pay their female employees a high salary, when these employees go on maternity leave resulting in a loss of productivity, the company would incur huge costs.
Furthermore,
female employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it is
costly to provide such medical coverage to women. From my past experience as
an insurance agent, I know that women are required to pay a higher premium for
their medical insurance due to the increased risk of breast cancer, cervix
cancer and pregnancy complications, etc. Hence, employers do not have the
incentives to pay women employees higher salaries in view of the losses in
productivity during maternity leaves and the high costs of insurance premiums.
In
order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in
place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on
equal pay for women. Although Singapore has ratified the International Labour
Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the
law profession, for example, have to increase their working hours in order to
receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). The government
has encouraged employers to pay equal salaries, but there are no repercussions
to the employers for not doing so. Despite its commitment in providing equal
pay for equal wages, the lack of concrete laws on equal pay maintains the
income gap. This raises the question, why ratify the agreement when you are not
going to enforce it.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income has grown faster (Chan, 2000). This is so because employers usually see women as liabilities because of their family commitments and often choose to promote men to higher positions of employment. Therefore, perceptions on women can be improved through education. The state can encourage civil societies for women rights to give talks on the importance of gender equality. Only when employers not judge women based on their family commitments and allow women to take on more important roles, are women able to increase their salaries, thus narrow the income gap and improve their social standing.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. If the state pays more attention to such civil societies and allows their voices to be heard in politics, the state can then make adjustments to its policy in providing better gender equality and improving women’s social status. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making; the extent to which these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. The existence of such societies is generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
In conclusion, to narrow the gender socio-economic gap, women have to be accorded equal treatment in the society. This can be achieved only when the state put in place laws that require employers to reward equal work by women with equal pay, improve egalitarianism in society through the emphasis on female empowerment in education and to give political attention to civil societies campaign certain women rights. As our Minister Mentor once said, it is stupid for a society to only utilise half of its resources. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore. It would take years or even generations to change the society’s perspective, given the strong patriarchal roots in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In L.P. Edwards, L. P. & M. Roces, (Eds.), Women in Asia. pp. 39-58. N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity- leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How to judge globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.ht ml [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Tan, L. L.
(2012). Singapore Yearbook of
Manpower Statistics, 2012. Singapore: Manpower Research And Statistics Department Ministry Of Manpower
Republic Of Singapore. Retrieved http://www.mom.gov.sg/documents/statistics- publications/yearbook12/mrsd_2012yearbook.pdf
[Accessed: 19 March 2014].
Monday, March 24, 2014
Gender Discrimination in Patriarchal Singapore Draft 3
In his TED talk, Goldin
(2009) talks about the unequal development of globalisation. As the world
globalises, countries get wealthier and women are getting better education.
However, not everyone experiences the same rate of development (Sen, 2002): the
rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer in most cases.
Despite contributions from women in many countries, they are often not rewarded
equally. Because of the patriarchal structure in Singapore, income disparity
persists between genders. In order to address the socio-economic disparity between
genders, laws need to be enacted to empower women.
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as 'pockets of discrimination' or 'blemishes' but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values where women are primary care-givers and homemakers. This led to past emphasis on the male counterparts attaining education, obtaining valuable skill sets for employment, and thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social challenges throughout their lives. For example, their low levels of educational qualifications in the past and their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women have been generally economically dependent on their spouses. As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lower educational qualifications of women result in them being consigned to lowly skilled labour jobs, which in turn receive lower salaries. Some women may not even be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications, thus
Despite a rise in the percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 49.6% in 2001 to 54.5% in 2011 (Tan, 2012), women do not earn equal paychecks compared to their male counterparts. Tan (2012) stated that in 2011 women in the services industry were earning on average SGD3728 to SGD5075 earned by men in the same industry. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women 8 weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). The loss of productivity due to childbirth would incur great costs for the employers, especially over the course of the 8 weeks paid maternity leave. Furthermore, women employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it would be costly to provide such medical coverage in view of more women complications. From my past experience of being an insurance agent, women are required to pay a higher premium for their medical insurance due to the increased risk of breast cancer, cervix cancer and pregnancy complications, etc. Hence, employers do not have the incentives to pay women employees higher salaries.
In
order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in
place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on
equal pay for women. Although Singapore had ratified the International Labour
Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the
law profession, for example, have to increase their working hours in order to
receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). Despite its
commitment in providing equal pay for equal wages, the lack of concrete laws on
equal pay maintains the income gap.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be on par with the male counterparts. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be on par with the male counterparts. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing.
Studies
show that in countries where males help out with household chores, women
generally enjoy higher social standing. However, in a traditionally
male-dominant Asian society like Singapore, the change in attitude of men to
help out in household chores seems to be implausible and this cannot be done
through legislation.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making; the extent to which these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. The existence of such societies is generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
In conclusion, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making; the extent to which these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. The existence of such societies is generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
In conclusion, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In: Edwards, L. P. & Roces, M. eds. (2000). Women in Asia. pp. 39-58. N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity- leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How To Judge Globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.ht ml [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Tan, L. L. (2012). Singapore Yearbook of Manpower
Statistics, 2012. Singapore: Manpower Research
And Statistics Department Ministry Of Manpower Republic Of Singapore. Retrieved
http://www.mom.gov.sg/documents/statistics- publications/yearbook12/mrsd_2012yearbook.pdf
[Accessed: 19 March 2014].
Monday, March 10, 2014
Reader Response Draft 3
In "Globalization of Culture Through the Media" Kraidy (2002) discusses the controversy between cultural imperialism and globalisation. Once the dominant view of the way that media impacted cultures, “cultural imperialism” has evolve into a perspective of globalisation and hybridisation, where cultural flows are multilateral. He suggests that "cultural hybridity" is not a new phenomenon but one that has existed in the past.
Kraidy (2002) discusses the opposing perspective on globalisation, homogenisation and hybridisation of culture. However, I feel that rather than homogenising local cultures, globalisation actually reinvents and revives local cultures. The exchange of ideas and information, from the interactions between traders and villagers in the past to the present prevalent usage of media, causes culture to evolve and change over time. During interactions, parties pick up relevant ideas and information, adapting them into their respective cultures, modifying and reinventing their local cultures, leading to cultural hybridisation. With globalisation, the interconnectedness of countries accelerates interactions, resulting in more intensive exchange of ideas. Cultures that operate at a global scale are what Featherstone (1995) mentioned as "third cultures", perpetutated by the transnational companies (TNCs) that nation states have no complete control over. This resembles many of the cultural influences in the world we see today, where globalisation has weaken the power of governments to influence TNCs' production processes.
For example, as shown by the recent K-Pop craze, by adopting Western pop culture into its music genre, Korea has not only modified its local culture but also marketed it to the world. With the extensive use of media such as television and internet, people around the world are constantly being exposed to K-pop. The popularity of K-pop and its worldwide appeal sells Korea as a tourist destination. Fans from around the world are eager to learn Korean, and through the language are able to better understand the local culture. This is not a one-way interaction where Korea adopts the Western pop culture but also the promotion of K-pop around the world in countries like USA, Singapore and China.
In this context, it can be said that popular consumption of K-pop has led to its commercialisation. As McEwan and Daya (2012) suggest "culture has become increasingly commodified". One can see in the global market, K-pop music is usually catchy and contemporary, which appeals to the general audience. Instead of portraying the traditional cultures of Korea to the audience, media companies are producing commercialised music for mass consumption. Therefore, a balance has to be struck by the music producers between commercialising and promoting the local culture, in order not to undermine and dilute it into a totally different culture, where local identity is lost.
References
Featherstone, M. (1995). “Undoing culture: Globalization, postmodernism and identity”, in Volume 39 of Theory, Culture & Society, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
McEwan, C. and Daya, S. (2012) "Geography, culture and global change", in P. Daniels, M. Bradshaw, D. Shaw and J. Sidaway (eds.), An Introduction to Human Geography (Harlow: Pearson), Chapter 13, pp. 272-287.
Kraidy (2002) discusses the opposing perspective on globalisation, homogenisation and hybridisation of culture. However, I feel that rather than homogenising local cultures, globalisation actually reinvents and revives local cultures. The exchange of ideas and information, from the interactions between traders and villagers in the past to the present prevalent usage of media, causes culture to evolve and change over time. During interactions, parties pick up relevant ideas and information, adapting them into their respective cultures, modifying and reinventing their local cultures, leading to cultural hybridisation. With globalisation, the interconnectedness of countries accelerates interactions, resulting in more intensive exchange of ideas. Cultures that operate at a global scale are what Featherstone (1995) mentioned as "third cultures", perpetutated by the transnational companies (TNCs) that nation states have no complete control over. This resembles many of the cultural influences in the world we see today, where globalisation has weaken the power of governments to influence TNCs' production processes.
For example, as shown by the recent K-Pop craze, by adopting Western pop culture into its music genre, Korea has not only modified its local culture but also marketed it to the world. With the extensive use of media such as television and internet, people around the world are constantly being exposed to K-pop. The popularity of K-pop and its worldwide appeal sells Korea as a tourist destination. Fans from around the world are eager to learn Korean, and through the language are able to better understand the local culture. This is not a one-way interaction where Korea adopts the Western pop culture but also the promotion of K-pop around the world in countries like USA, Singapore and China.
In this context, it can be said that popular consumption of K-pop has led to its commercialisation. As McEwan and Daya (2012) suggest "culture has become increasingly commodified". One can see in the global market, K-pop music is usually catchy and contemporary, which appeals to the general audience. Instead of portraying the traditional cultures of Korea to the audience, media companies are producing commercialised music for mass consumption. Therefore, a balance has to be struck by the music producers between commercialising and promoting the local culture, in order not to undermine and dilute it into a totally different culture, where local identity is lost.
References
Featherstone, M. (1995). “Undoing culture: Globalization, postmodernism and identity”, in Volume 39 of Theory, Culture & Society, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
McEwan, C. and Daya, S. (2012) "Geography, culture and global change", in P. Daniels, M. Bradshaw, D. Shaw and J. Sidaway (eds.), An Introduction to Human Geography (Harlow: Pearson), Chapter 13, pp. 272-287.
Sunday, March 9, 2014
Essay Draft 2
In his TED talk, Goldin (2009) talks about the unequal development of globalisation. As the world globalises, countries get wealthier and women are getting better education. However, not everyone experiences the same rate of development (Sen, 2002), the rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer in most cases. Despite contributions from women in many countries, they are often not rewarded equally. Because of the patriarchal structure in Singapore, income disparity persists between genders. In order to address the income disparity between genders, laws need to be enacted to empower women.
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as "pockets of discrimination" or "blemishes" but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values where women are primary care-givers and homemakers. This had led to past emphasis on the male counterparts in attaining education, obtaining valuable skills set for employment and thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social issues throughout their lives. Due to their low levels of educational qualifications in the past and their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women are generally economically dependent on their spouses. As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lower educational qualifications of women result in lowly skilled labour which in turn receive lower salaries. Some women may not be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications thus, being unemployed despite their willingness to work.
Despite the rise in percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 29.5% in 1970 to 50.3% in 1990 (Chan, 2000), women do not earn equal paycheck compared to their male counterparts. Chan (2000) stated that in 1991 women with primary/secondary education and women with tertiary education were earning on average 69 cents to a dollar earned by men in the same group. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women 8 weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). The loss of productivity due to childbirth would incur great costs for the employers, especially over the course of the 8 weeks paid maternity leave. Furthermore, women employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it would be costly to provide such medical coverage in view of more women complications. Hence, employers do not have the incentives to pay women employees higher salaries.
In order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on equal pay for women. Although Singapore had ratified the International Labour Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the law profession for example have to increase their working hours in order to receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). Despite its commitment in providing equal pay for equal wages, the lack concrete laws on equal pay maintains the income gap.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be on par with the male counterparts. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing. Studies show that in countries where males help out with household chores, women generally enjoy higher social standing. However, in a traditionally male-dominant Asian society like Singapore, the change in attitude of men to help out in household chores seems to be implausible and this cannot be done through legislation.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making, how much these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. Hence, the existence of such societies are generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
Hence, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In: Edwards, L. P. & Roces, M. eds. (2000). Women in asia. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 39-58.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved from: http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity-leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How To Judge Globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.html [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as "pockets of discrimination" or "blemishes" but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values where women are primary care-givers and homemakers. This had led to past emphasis on the male counterparts in attaining education, obtaining valuable skills set for employment and thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social issues throughout their lives. Due to their low levels of educational qualifications in the past and their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women are generally economically dependent on their spouses. As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lower educational qualifications of women result in lowly skilled labour which in turn receive lower salaries. Some women may not be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications thus, being unemployed despite their willingness to work.
Despite the rise in percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 29.5% in 1970 to 50.3% in 1990 (Chan, 2000), women do not earn equal paycheck compared to their male counterparts. Chan (2000) stated that in 1991 women with primary/secondary education and women with tertiary education were earning on average 69 cents to a dollar earned by men in the same group. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women 8 weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). The loss of productivity due to childbirth would incur great costs for the employers, especially over the course of the 8 weeks paid maternity leave. Furthermore, women employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it would be costly to provide such medical coverage in view of more women complications. Hence, employers do not have the incentives to pay women employees higher salaries.
In order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on equal pay for women. Although Singapore had ratified the International Labour Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the law profession for example have to increase their working hours in order to receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). Despite its commitment in providing equal pay for equal wages, the lack concrete laws on equal pay maintains the income gap.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be on par with the male counterparts. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing. Studies show that in countries where males help out with household chores, women generally enjoy higher social standing. However, in a traditionally male-dominant Asian society like Singapore, the change in attitude of men to help out in household chores seems to be implausible and this cannot be done through legislation.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making, how much these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. Hence, the existence of such societies are generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
Hence, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In: Edwards, L. P. & Roces, M. eds. (2000). Women in asia. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 39-58.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved from: http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity-leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How To Judge Globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.html [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Monday, March 3, 2014
Essay Draft 1
In his TED talk, Goldin (2009) talks about the unequal development of globalisation. As the world globalises, countries get wealthier and women are getting better education. However, not everyone experiences the same rate of development (Sen, 2002), the rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer in most cases. Despite contributions from women in many countries, they are often not rewarded equally. Because of the patriarchal structure in Singapore, income disparity persists between genders. In order to address the income disparity between genders, laws need to be enacted to empower women.
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as "pockets of discrimination" or "blemishes" but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values where women are primary care-givers and homemakers. This had led to past emphasis on the male counterparts in attaining education, obtaining valuable skills set for employment and thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social issues throughout their lives. Due to their low levels of educational qualifications in the past and their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women are generally economically dependent on their spouses. As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lower educational qualifications of women result in lowly skilled labour which in turn receive lower salaries. Some women may not be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications thus, being unemployed despite their willingness to work.
Despite the rise in percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 29.5% in 1970 to 50.3% in 1990 (Chan, 2000), women do not earn equal paycheck compared to their male counterparts. Chan (2000) stated that in 1991 women with primary/secondary education and women with tertiary education were earning on average 69 cents to a dollar earned by men in the same group. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women 8 weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). The loss of productivity due to childbirth would incur great costs for the employers, especially over the course of the 8 weeks paid maternity leave. Furthermore, women employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it would be costly to provide such medical coverage in view of more women complications. Hence, employers do not have the incentives to pay women employees higher salaries.
In order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on equal pay for women. Although Singapore had ratified the International Labour Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the law profession for example have to increase their working hours in order to receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). Despite its commitment in providing equal pay for equal wages, the lack concrete laws on equal pay maintains the income gap.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be better available for them. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing. Studies showed that in countries where males help out with household chores, women generally enjoy higher social standing. However, in a traditional male-dominant Asian society like Singapore, the change in attitude of men to help out in household chores seems to be implausible and this cannot be done through legislation.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making, how much these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. Hence, the existence of such societies are generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
Hence, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In: Edwards, L. P. & Roces, M. eds. (2000). Women in asia. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 39-58.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved from: http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity-leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How To Judge Globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.html [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Former Prime Minster of Singapore, Goh Chok Tong, once openly pointed out that "in a largely patriarchal society, minor areas where women are not accorded the same treatment should be expected so long as the welfare of women and of the family is protected. I would not regard them as "pockets of discrimination" or "blemishes" but as traditional areas of differential treatments" (Chan, 2000). With the government's stand on patriarchy, women often face negligence, if not discrimination in various aspects of life. This gender bias is reinforced by traditional Asian values where women are primary care-givers and homemakers. This had led to past emphasis on the male counterparts in attaining education, obtaining valuable skills set for employment and thus, creating a male dominant society.
Consequently, women face various social issues throughout their lives. Due to their low levels of educational qualifications in the past and their primary roles as mothers and care-givers, women are generally economically dependent on their spouses. As of 2012, life expectancy for women stands at 84.5 years while life expectancy for men is 79.9 years (SingStat, 2013). Hence, many of these women will face economic difficulties as they tend to outlive their spouses. Furthermore, the lower educational qualifications of women result in lowly skilled labour which in turn receive lower salaries. Some women may not be able to find jobs due to their lack of qualifications thus, being unemployed despite their willingness to work.
Despite the rise in percentage of economically active women aged 15 and above from 29.5% in 1970 to 50.3% in 1990 (Chan, 2000), women do not earn equal paycheck compared to their male counterparts. Chan (2000) stated that in 1991 women with primary/secondary education and women with tertiary education were earning on average 69 cents to a dollar earned by men in the same group. This is partly attributed to the fact that employers of women have to entitle both married and single women 8 weeks of paid maternity leave (Ministry of Manpower, 2014). The loss of productivity due to childbirth would incur great costs for the employers, especially over the course of the 8 weeks paid maternity leave. Furthermore, women employees do not necessarily enjoy equal medical benefits because it would be costly to provide such medical coverage in view of more women complications. Hence, employers do not have the incentives to pay women employees higher salaries.
In order to narrow the income gap between genders, certain measures can be put in place to improve women's social status. One such measure is to enact laws on equal pay for women. Although Singapore had ratified the International Labour Organisation Convention Number 100 on equal pay for men and women, women in the law profession for example have to increase their working hours in order to receive equal salaries as their male counterparts (Das, 2005). Despite its commitment in providing equal pay for equal wages, the lack concrete laws on equal pay maintains the income gap.
Secondly, despite the increase in women's educational qualifications and income in recent years, men's income grew faster (Chan, 2000). Therefore, rather than just improving women's education, opportunities for workplace promotion should be better available for them. By allowing women to take on more important roles, they are able to increase their income, narrowing the gap and improve their social standing. Studies showed that in countries where males help out with household chores, women generally enjoy higher social standing. However, in a traditional male-dominant Asian society like Singapore, the change in attitude of men to help out in household chores seems to be implausible and this cannot be done through legislation.
Lastly, greater political attention can be given to civil societies that campaign for women rights such as AWARE and Singapore Council of Women's Organisation. By allowing such voices to be heard in politics, women's social status in Singapore can better be improved, narrowing the income gap as women receive equal treatment in the workplace. However, Singapore government employs a top-down approach in its policy making, how much these civil societies can affect policies is determined by the government. Hence, the existence of such societies are generally seen as "gestural" and apolitical.
Hence, to narrow the gender income gap, women have to have an increase in their social standing in Singapore. However, this may be hard to come by given the strong stance on patriarchy in Singapore.
References
Chan, J. S. (2000). The status of women in a patriarchal state. In: Edwards, L. P. & Roces, M. eds. (2000). Women in asia. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 39-58.
Das, M. (2005). Gender In Justice - Women In The Law In Singapore. Retrieved from: http://www.aware.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/Gender_In_Justice.pdf [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Ministry of Manpower. (2014). Maternity leave. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/leave-and-holidays/Pages/maternity-leave.aspx [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
Sen, A. (2002). How To Judge Globalism. The American Prospect, 13(1), 1-14. Retrieved from: http://www2.econ.uu.nl/users/marrewijk/pdf/ihs/geo/sen%202000%20judge%20glob.pdf [Accessed: 18 February 2014].
Statistic Singapore. (2013). Statistics Singapore - life expectancy at birth. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/visualising_data/chart/Life_Expectancy_At_Birth.html [Accessed: 3 March 2014].
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